Should Children Be Tried as Adults Essay Example for Free

Should Children Be Tried as Adults EssayThere is a saying If you do the crime, you must do the time. But does that apply to children. Should children be tried as adults?. While some people praise this as a means of stopping young offenders before they start on a c areer of crime, others find it very inappropriate and unjust. This paper will examine questions, pros and cons of whether children should be tried as adults. DiscussionI will view both(prenominal) sides to whether children should be tried as adults. The rate of murders by juveniles and children has skyrocketed across the country. There are many people who feel that children should be tried as adults imputable to the popular saying If you do the crime, you must do the time. According to many sources it is believed that it will make them understand the consequences of their actions and deter them from committing any further crimes.However, in that respect is also the view that many individuals feel that Children should not be tried as adults. They should be nurtured and protected rather than completely responsible and punished for their crime. Children/juveniles it express that they do not possess the emotional maturity to control their impulse, or to fully understand the consequences to their actions. Therefore stating that their brains are not to be developed and fire in neither way nor fashion adds up to an adults, making an exception. The truth of the matter is who is right and who is wrong? Both have valid points as to wherefore not have the child tried and why not just seek other means besides having a child tried. This is a disceptation that will continue with time.In conclusion my view is that kids should not be tried as adults at age 7 but should be broad help. I feel that more facilities that are not an adult based would be more sufficient. Because really no one knows all the reason why kids commit crimes it could be they were bullied, having psychological problems at home or schoo l. The possibilities are endless if reasons I think that juveniles need to be charged as adults, they are so close to adulthood that they know what they are doing more so a little child.

Mother To Son Essay Example for Free

Mother To Son EssayThe author, Langston Husthes, vividly showed how the African-Americans struggled and managed to live. The efforts they made to change and how much they changed their appearances were very evident in the ternary poems, I am too, Mother to Son, and Negro. The writer started the poem using a conversational tone, which easily showed its viewers that he was public lecture to somebody. In his poem, Mother To Son, the author told the story of how the African-Americans struggled to survive the harsh realities of alert in a society dominated by the white citizenry. The schoolbook included Life for me aint been no crystal stride. Its had tacks in it,And splinters, And boards torn up, And places with no carpet on the floor Bare. This specific part of the poem showed how much the African-Americans suffered from living in a society dominated by white throng. The author used a lot of metaphors in the poem to illustrate his points. The crystal stair mentioned in the poem, contained several meanings. The crystal may be considered to be attractive, but very fragile. The use of the crystal in the poem was somehow successful in connecting a creative story with that of reality-that the crystal stair may be used as a symbol for the way of living white people had.The poem was also told from a mothers point of view. From the text, it can be perceived that the mother was a slave at the white house, serving white people. The subscriber is minded(p) contrasting images of how the African-Americans suffered, while the white and rich Americans ruled over society. Throughout the entire poem, the mother tried to show the readers the uneven treatment given to both races. Words, such as and were repeatedly used to emphasize the hardships endured during that time. The line, And places with no carpet on the floor Bare, was also used to demonstrate how the white people unfairly treated the black people.

Examining Strategies For Improving Medication Administration Nursing Essay

Examining Strategies For Improving medical checkup specialty Administration Nursing EssayProviding business organization for the patient is the responsibility of draws. Nurses ar the adept who atomic number 18 dear with patients. They are responsible and account fitted to reconcile sure that the treatments and needs of patient are fulfilled. Medication nerve is a part of the nurses responsibility in ordinateing to make sure clients get the mitigate practice of medicine as supposed. Medication boldness illusion is a universal health help concern.Thus the strategy in improving medical specialty administration system is important to enhance safety.The administration of medical specialty by nurses is the final step in a process that involves two-fold steps carried out by a number of health professionals (medical practitioners, pharmacists and registered nurses). The accuracy, efficiency and safety of administration of musics rest primarily with nurses. Medication ad ministration is an activity that is inclined(predicate) to defects, in part be bring on of the development of new medical devices and new drug products that available to fulfill the demand in health care setting. Thus to frustrate practice of medicine administration defect, six rights should be main concern for the nurses in giving music.There are m some(prenominal) type of medical actus reus that leads to blur and may jeopardize patients safety. According to Hughes and Ortiz (2005) the most common type of medical fracture that happen universally is medication error. Senior citizens are at the highest jeopardize of being affected by this type of errors, since they are the largest consumers of medication (New Tech Media, 2006). However, this is especially true in regards to medication errors. A proper understanding of the bring factors that increase medication errors is the first step toward preventing them. There are many factors, such as training deficiencies, undue ti me pressure, and nursing shortages that may deplete contri providede to medication errors. The amount of nursing education and the age of nursing experience are two factors that may ingest relationship to medication errors. out-of-pocket to the fact that nursing staff is a large cost to hospitals, these organizations are constantly trying to manage expenses. This is supported by Yang (2003) who farmings nursing professionals typically map the largest employee group in hospitals, and have become a primary target for redesign measures. Consequently, medication errors are costly and seem to be proportional to the staffing of nurses. Since nurses make up such a large portion of the staff population, it is important to understand the incidents that influence behind these medication errors. These issues of medication errors were present even at the time when Benjamin Franklin entraped Americas first hospital and he stated that patients ultimately suffer and die without good nursin g care (Clarke, 2003).1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT health care professionals work is hectic and stressful. All the heavy workload had causes the nurses to pay much little attention in giving proper medication administration to patients.I discovered during my clinical posting that mosttimes the nurses tend to take for granted so as whether the patient did consume the medications given or not later leaving the medication on the patients bedside .Occasionally proper procedure was not followed by nurses for medication administration. It happens when the nurses just copy down the name of patient in a piece of opus during pass over the report , without rechecking in the patients medication administration record. This unintentional act sometimes pass on lead to medication administration error when bed of the patient is exchange with another patient or the patient has been transferred to the other ward or may be action from the hospital .There is also happen an error due to some of the nurse s borrowing medication from another patients cart and administering an unlabelled medication or syringe. This outlaw(a) practice will harm the patients and whoremonger cause medication administration errors. On the other cases, the nurses do not follow the correct time for medication administration. For instance, they just merely combine the medication that should be given at 4p.m with 6p.m. In that case, the effectiveness and toxicity of medication stomach be query. Thus, medication error can be some way again linked to an inconsistency applying the six rights of medication administration.Definition of termsNurses A person educated and develop to care for the sick or disabledOne that serves as a nurturing or fostering influence or means(C.L.R James,2009 ) performanceing experience Work experience is the linking of a period of activity in a worksetting (whether paid or voluntary) to the programme of shoot,irrespective of whether the work experience is an total partof the progr amme of aim(Harveyet al,2002)Incident Any other incident in which tec is unsure some exposurepotential.1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYMedication administration is a crucial part in nursing . Having a study concerning the incident of contri scarceing factors that lead to medication error is important as this study creates awareness well-nigh the medication error and it consequences will affect patients safety. Such prevention methods could be taken to reduce the cases of medication error in hospital setting. Through this study, the management team of the hospital may take a serious action to solve the problem arised. Besides that, the nurses may realize the consequence of medication administration process to overcome the factors that contribute to medication administration error.Further more than, nurses need to perform their duty in ethical manner and obey the correct modular procedures as guided by the ministry of health. The function beyond the limit of nursing practice acts or ones ability is to endanger clients life will govern the nurses open to malpractice suits such medication administration error. Therefore, it is crucial part for nurses to always be aware of entire the medication administration process in shape to maintain the safety of the patient.1.4 enquiry OBJECTIVE1.4.1 General ObjectiveThe general objective for this study is to provide reasons well-nigh incidence of factors that contribute to medication error among the nurses. This study also helps to determine the barrier towards medication error which can utilize as guidelines for the nurses to be more caution on certain location during administering medication in the hope of facilitating improvements to medication administration processes.1.4.2 Specific ObjectiveThe specific objectives of conducting this research are1) To identify the most factors which contribute to medication error2) To indicate the relationship between working experience with all the contributing factors which poten tially lead to medication error1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat are the commonest factors that contributed to medication error perceived by nurses?Is in that location any relationship between working experience with all the contributing factors which potentially lead to medication error?1.6 ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH1. This study able to provide reasons about factors that contribute to medication error among the nurses.2. This study helps to determine the barrier towards medication error which can used as guidelines for the nurses to be more caution on certain situation during serving medicationLITERATURE REVIEWIntroductionNurses are the group of health care providers who are closest to the patients. They have a major responsibility in administration of medication for patients, particularly in the wards. The issue of medication administration error (MAE) within the acute-care setting has long been the focus of research. Since nurses are intimately involved in the delivery of medications and the final person who occupy the link on medication administration, thus they are accountable for the responsibilities in medication error. It is important for nurses to understand the factors that contributed to medication administration errors in view of the fact that the burden of reporting medication error falls heavily on nurses.Prevalence of medication errorMedical errors harm an estimated 1.5 million people and kill several thousand all(prenominal) year in the United States of America (Joint Comission International ,2007).In Malaysia the Malaysian government does emphasize on the medication safety whereby the government encourages researchers to conduct research on medication safety (Institute for Health Systems Research ,2008). In view of the fact that the prevalance of medication administration error is increasing globally, the serious action should be taken to minize it from fleet.MedicationThe oxford Concise Medical Dictionary stated that, medication is a substance that is administered by mouth, applied to the body, or introduced into the body for the purpose of treatment (p.417).Medication AdministrationIn administration of medication, the nurses must follow several principles that have been set up to prevent medication administration error. While administering medication, the nurses should implement the hexad Rights to make sure the effectiveness of the drug effect and gain improvement in treating the disease. The six rights are involved before, during and after giving the medication. According to bennet (2008), the six rights of medication administration implys the following right medication, right dose, right client, right route, right time and right documentation. It is a must for the nurses to follow the standard protocol outlined for the implementation of medication administration.Medication administration errorAn article from joint comission international (2007) stated that errors are common as medications are procured, prescribed, disp ensed, administered, and monitored but, they occur most frequently during the prescribing and administering actions. Since, the parts of administering process are bound to nurses job, so that they are responsible for their action and conduct. Mayo et al (2004) found that some medication errors are not reported because nurses are afraid of the reaction they will receive from the Nurse Manager. Hence, the real incident of medication error that occurred cannot be measurable since the nurses do not take responsibility to report the incident. Medication usage is a multidisciplinary process, which begins with the doctors prescription, is followed by the review and provision of medications by a pharmacist, and ends with the set and administration of the medication to the patient by a nurse. Inadvertent errors or accidents are encountered if there is a breakdown at any stage in this process, which leads to overwhelming consequences for the patient and for the career of the healthcare profe ssional (Gladstone 1995). The impact of medication errors can be devastating to the confidence and self-esteem of the healthcare professional. Consequently, healthcare professionals are unwilling and indisposed to report any medication error unless there is an obvious harm to the patient.Factors that contribute to medication errorNurses need to prioritize of import responsibilities for safe patient care. In this hectic and stressful environment, serious medication errors are appearing portentously as a basis for successful malpractice cases against nurses (Lilley et. al, 2005). correct medication process and system analysis approach are the essential link in the prevention of medication errors from occurring in health care setting. Asim and Nagy ( 2007) in their study showed that there were statistically substantial differences in responses across the participants years of experience and the current clinical working area about the medication error to occurred. Research done by Fu et al.(2007) showed that medical wards and intensive critical units are the commonest areas for medication error.Knowledge and practiceHenry (2005) revealed that, most of the types of medication administration errors occurring are due to omission of dose, wrong doses. The other study done by Fu et al. (2007) showed the wrong dose is at the highest to occur. Undeniable to say that, most of the errors can occur when the nursing duty during medication administration is not taken naughtily. In addition, medication error can occur due to nurse attitude who do not check whether the right patient received the right medication. Medication administration error can occur when the nurse failed to check the patients arm peal with the patients medication administration record or calling the patient by name to make sure the right patient receiving the medication. According to (Nancy et.al 2003 Ulanimo et al, 2007) through their observations that had been done, they found that nurses were fail ing to compare the patients wristband with the medication administration record before giving the medication to the respected patient.Whats more, spelling errors and the sympatheticities amongst the appearance different medication can cause confusing to the nurses. Unfamiliarity with drug medication such as new drug name with similar drug packing can cause medication administration error Fu et al (2007). The potential for medication errors will increase and leads to injury to the patient. Cases reported by FDA-Food and drug administration (2008) medication errors associated with Flomax and Volmax, ranitidine and Zyrtec caused patient to suffer. For that reasons, unfamiliarity with the medication can cause the medication error to occur.Besides drug administration, there are other factors that lead to medication errors fetching place such as interruptions while administering the medication. In the research done by Pape et al.( 2005) ,it mentioned that conversations with other staff members and visitors or multi-tasking that occurs during medication preparation and administration can result in errors. Thus, the normal procedures for checking the six rights are easily neglected. So that, reducing unnecessary conversation and other distractions is an important aspect in administering medication safely to patients.Personal issuesAbandon the six essential rights of administering the medication, are latent conditions evidenced to be a part of factors that contribute to medication error. Personal factors mentioned in connection with prescribing errors included physical and mental well being, skills, and knowledge. However, there are few associated factors that contributed to medication error to happen among nurses. The factors are time pressures, fatigue or exhaustion a part of nurses (Mayo et al Ulanimo et al, 2007). determine by Nick Barber et al (2002), 18 interviewees reported that they had felt tired, hungry, or unwell, and that these factors might have contrib uted to the error. A considerable percentage of reported that they omitted to give medication or gave at the wrong time, and also indicated that other nurses gave incorrect medication or wrong administered treatments practice issues which were related to the nursing shortage and causing moral distress (Marj.T Mrayyam,2011).Healy and McKay (2000) also found workload to be most significantly correlated with pique disturbance. However, Payne (2001) did not find a significant relationship between workload and burnout, although aims of burnout in her study were lower than in related studies. The reasons for this variation are unclear, but seem likely to include differences of stress hardiness (Simoni Paterson 1997), of coping mechanisms (Payne 2001), of age and experience (McNeese-Smith 2000) or of the level of social support in the workplace (Ceslowitz 1989, Morano 1993, Healy McKay 2000). hospital setting and workloadThe terms hectic, hassly, and busier than average were used to d escribe workload. Sometimes, workloads made nurses change their usual practice to try and save time From the study, it was shown that, it is not solitary(prenominal) the practice itself that contribute to medication administration error but other external factors can also contributed to medication errors such understaffing, inexperience nurses, design deficiencies, and deficient equipment while administering the medication( Carlton Bleggen, 2006). Nurses and workload is one of the major factors that should be considered .Most of the hospitals are lacking of nurses and this small issues will lead to big impact of nurses practice. Stordeur et al. (2001) attempted to rank stressors in order of severity of impact, the main ones being ranked as High workload, Conflict with other nurses/physicians, experiencing a lack of clarity about tasks/goals, a walk nurse who closely monitors the performance of staff in order to detect mistakes and to take corrective action.Lack of staffStaffing issues were also mentioned and included inadequate staffing, the make of new or locum staff, and attending to another doctors patient. Providing cover for absent colleagues not only increased workload but also meant that care was being given for patients the doctor did not know. Several doctors drew the distinction between those patients whom they had admitted and knew throughout their stay, and those whom they had to take over for only part of their treatment.The most commonly used unit-level workload measure is the nurse-patient ratio( Pronovost PJ et al (2000). The nurse-patient ratio can be used to compare units and their patient outcomes in relation to nursing staffing. Previous research provides strong evidence that high nursing workloads at the unit level have a negative impact on patient outcomes (Olson V et al, 2004). Hospital nurse staffing is a matter of major concern because of the effects it can have on patient safety and choice of care. Nursing-sensitive outcomes ar e one indicator of quality of care and may be defined as variable patient or family caregiver state, condition, or perception responsive to nursing intervention (Needleman et al, 2003)Briefly, medication administration error should be avoided because direct results of the error can cause harm to the patient as well as increased health care costs. Moreover, indirect results include harm to nurses in terms of professional and personal status, confidence, and practice. Thus, to maintain the professionalism in delivering of care to the patient, medication administration process should take seriously among the nurses. In a 1999 study conducted by the Institute of Medicine, entitled To Err Is Human Building a Safer Health System, It is estimated that medication errors cause over 7,000 deaths annually.This chapter will explain on the research methodology of the study consist of research design, population, warning, setting and info-collection instrument.2.1 Research designResearch design is an overall plan for conducting study on order to answer the research questions (Polit et al 2001 67). The research designs signify the steps which will be used in conducting the research. According to Burns and orchard (2001223) , research design is a guideline for the research process in order to achieve the intended result which will be the reflection of reality. Polit (1999155) state that the research design will includes the most important decisions in research methodology that researcher makes in conducting the study.This study used cross-sectional quantitative non-experimental correlational statistics study using assisted-administered questionnaire to reveal the question incident of contributing factors that lead to medication error.2.2 Population and samplingPopulation is an entire group of people that is concerned to the researcher as define by Brink (1996132-133).Burns and Grove (2001366,810) define population as the whole set of exclusives who meet the sampling crit eria. A sample taken from population and it will include in the study which representing research population, if random sampling procedures has been adhere to. Random sampling would give every individual in the whole population the same and unbiased chance of combat-ready in the study.Simple random sampling will be used in this study. The respondents are consisting of Registered Nurses in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang (HTAR) .The sample will be taken randomly from several discipline in HTAR.In order to get significant result, a sample size calculation formula has been used to determine the size of the sample for this study.Inclusion criteria for respondents areRegistered Nurse with Malaysia Nursing Board regard Malay and English language and generally healthy. gather in working experience at least 1 year.The participants are involves in direct patient care.Have an experience in administering the medicationExclusion criteria areaUnregistered nurses with Malaysia Nursing Boar dHave working experience less than 1 yearDo not have an experience in administering medication2.3 Research settingThe study setting will be conducted in HTAR. The unit chosen is medical ward, surgical ward, Intensive Care Unit, Obstetrics and gynecology ward, Pediatrics ward, Emergency Department and orthopedic ward. HTAR is chosen because affordable cost and time constrain for me.2.4 Study period info collectionFebruary to April 2011Data Processing/ analysing and writing upApril to May 2011Grantt Chart (refer to appendix )First phaseScreening for initial data from hospital record (secondary Data) in Hospital Tengku Ampuan RahimahIdentify the discipline units to be studySecond phasePilot study done to confirm feasibleness of the studyCollection and analyzed the questionnaireThird phaseObtain consent from subjectThe data are collected by using questionnaire in order to obtain the breeding regarding the studyFourth phaseAnalyze the data collection and writing up2.5 Data collectionDem psey and Dempsey (2000195) define questionnaires is a paper and pencil data collection instrument filled in by the respondents for the purpose of the research study. Characteristics of questionnaires had been listed out by Gillham (2000 5-8) as belowA questionnaire is less expensive than interview. A lot of sample can be taken within short period of time. Questionnaires can reduce cost of using call up and travels thus it is also feasible to be used by researchers who have full time jobs.Questionnaires are an easy way to get more information within a limited period of time.Respondents able to complete the questionnaires at their own time without pressure.Anonymity can be guaranteed. Reassuring the respondents that no one will know any feedback from them. This aspect was deemed to be very important in this study as the respondents could be reassured that they could state their honest opinions about factors might contribute to medication error without fear that employer would take ac tion to them if their knowledge level is low. The research contents will display out numbers, facts and figures .No name calling should be mentioned not even the researcher nor did the supervisor know who provided which answers for specific questions.No different questionnaires are distributed all questionnaires are standardizedto limit the bias.2.5.1 festering of questionnairesThe development of questionnaires was based on the literature review (Chapter 2) and other research instrument used in similar studies. The questionnaire is compiled and discussed by researcher and supervisor. Changes suggested were implemented. Most of the ever-changing pertaining to rephrasing specific items so that each items had only issues to address rather than multiple issues. There is part of questionnaires that had been corrected and combined from previous study to vouch the objective of study answer.2.5.2 Pilot StudyPilot study was done to determine feasibility of the instrument .This shows a tria l administration of newly substantial questionnaires in order to identify the potential -problem encountered by participant. Brink and Wood (1998259 373) explained that pre-testing enabled the researcher to interact with the participant similar but they were exclude from the real respondents participating in actual study. These ensure the researcher to predict what would happen to the main study regards to participation.Pilot study was conducted with five staff nurses with year of experience more than 1 at the same hospital but different target unit which they will not selected to participate in the actual study. No probable problems were encountered during the completion of the questionnaires.2.5.3 Structure of the questionnairesThe questionnaire is conducted in Malay/English language and is assisted-administered questionnaire. The questionnaires will be distributed to the nurses in the unit by the researcher. The researcher needs to explain about the objectives, target populatio n and significance of the study. Some of the respondents will answer the questions by themselves and some of them need assistance while answering the questionnaires. The data obtained will be statistically analyzed using SPSS software. An effective strategy for nurses will be formulated based on the findings. The questionnaire is distributed to the whole chosen unit consist of 30 registered nurses in HTAR.The questions based on a structured questionnaire that composed of three parts.(refer to the appendix) incite 1 that consists of demographic data year of working experiencePart 2 Question consists of six incident of contributing factors which potentially lead to medication error.Factor 1 This section using closed -ended question (dichotomous question) direct towards the knowledge regarding the process for medication administration. This questionnaire change from study that had done by Raja Lexshimi R.G et al (2009).Factor 2-6 This section is questions regarding factors contribut ion to medication error edited from the result of study done by Fu et. al (2007) which categorized into five categories which using Likert scale. The respondents are asked to indicate how much the declarative statements given from each menage will influence to contribute to medication error.Personal neglect sonorous workloadUnfamiliarity with medicationNew staffComplicated order2.6 Data AnalysisTo identify the level of knowledge among nurses towards serving medication .It is also to identify the most incident of contributing factors which lead to medication error. A significant value of 0.05 was used to test for significance for all statistical tests. The chi square analysis was performed to determine the association between incident of contributing factors and the years of experience. The data collected will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 18. 0.2.7 Research shiftingDependent VariableIn this study, the dependent variable is years of experie nceIndependent VariableIn this study, the independent variables are the 6 incident of contributing factors Knowledge, Personal send packing, Heavy Workload, Unfamiliar Medication,Newly staff and Complicated order.2.8 Validity and VariableAccording to Polit and Hungler (1999418), validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it is designed to measure. The content of the questionnaire is adapted from the previous check up on and study that had been done. Moreover the questionnaire used will be reviewed by a philosophy doctors (PhD).2.9 Ethical considerationPermission from HTAR will be obtained from hospital post to conduct this research. Each participants who involve in this study will be given inform consent. Furthermore, before distributing the questionnaire, each participant will be explained about the purpose of the study and consent form was given to the participants. They are free to agree or decline their participation in the study at any time. All information obtained from the participants will be kept confidential. The participants took 15 to 30 minutes to answer the questionnaire and the researcher collected it back after finished answering. Polit and Hungler (1999 131-134) revealed that researcher therefore need to exercise care that the rights of individuals and institution are safeguarded.Administer medication is an everyday activity in nursing practice and nurses should have bounteous knowledge in order to perform this important job. The finding of these study shows that nurses knowledge in serving medication is sufficient. Most of the f=29 (96.7%) registered nurses able to answer the questionnaire correctly automatically make knowledge as low incident that will contribute to medication error. Reflected from the result, King (2004) and Coombs et al have similar result which reported the same. Nurses have the knowledge but the knowledge is limited especially on drugs administration. 43.3% did not know the frequent recommended site for heparin injections is at the abdomen (Caffrey, 2003).Nurses should improved their knowledge and highlight on different route of administer medication. Gerry Helen (2003) reported that time-span of experience and level of professional education was linked with level of knowledge in the administration of medications. Having extra educational qualifications among nurses were found to have contributed to a improved knowledge of medications.However in this study, 26.7% nurses practice wrongly which they did not check the patients ID band prior administering medication. It is also surprise 23.3% nurses violate the practice by administering medication prepared by other nurses. Benners and others (2002) agree source of errors include delivering too much medication, missed doses wrong route and wrong medication deliver due to misidentification of client.Mattan (1998) revealed that administering medicine effectively was a aspect of practice but it lacked quality, which is due to poor kno wledge in pharmacology and practice. Manias et al. (2004) indicated that nurses infatuated the necessary knowledge and skills in medication administration such as monitoring effects of medication, assessing and evaluating patients condition prior to medication administration. In many cases drug errors arise as a result of nurses failure to follow policy (Keill and Johnson, 1993).2) Personal NeglectFrom the data analyse, 18 (60%) nurses show personal neglect is in the low incident contribute to medication error. Nevertheless 4(13.3%) nurses indicate in the middle of administering drug, there was interruptions by others. A new study shows that interrupting nurses while theyre nursing to patients medication needs increases the likelihood of error. As the number of distractions increases, so do the number of errors and the try to patient safety. According to the study reported in the April 26, 2010 issues of theArchives of Internal Medicine, four interruptions in the route of a single drug administration threefold the likelihood that the patient would experience a major mishap. 26.7% nurses indicate that personal neglect as a medium indicator of medication error.3)

Racial Stereotypes in Disney Films

Racial Stereotypes in Disney FilmsHenry Giroux, in his essay Animating Youth The Disnification Of Childrens Culture, nominates to Disney films as one of the primary institutions constructing clawhood husbandry in the United States. But by the nineties, even the urban Indian child had access to the aura of innocence and wholesome adventure that Disney animated features supposedly exhibited. Fairy narrative adaptations such as Sleeping Beauty and Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs(1937), became immensely popular and as the 22 Billion Dollar Disney enterprise furthe rosy-cheeked its ventures, Disney films became synonymous with well loved Childrens movies, both abroad and at home.The objective of Disney films was to transport its suasioners to a magical realm of enchantment and endless possibility. Disney offered a supposed alternate paradigm in which there was the promise of a Happily Ever After. It aimed at appealing to audiences young and old and hoped to find a universal market.Wa lt Disney one time stated that Of all of our inventions for mass communication, pictures still speak the about universally understood language. And although it did reach audiences far and wide, for a young Indian girl watching The 1937 Disney adaptation of Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs, it gave her very little to identify with or relate to.Snow White, the first on-screen Disney Princess was rendered With lips as red as rubies and skin as fair as snow. Blatantly epitomising westsideern ideas of femininity and beauty, films homogeneous Snow White alienated the Non- occidental viewer. It was a fantasy that was centred on fixed archetypes of beauty and desirability which catered to the white, western population and had no room for anybody else. reddentually, the industry was criticised for its focus on a singular ethos and racial presentation.Thus, the last disco biscuit of the 20th century saw Walt Disney Pictures release films that were now aimed at broadening its ethnical spec trum.Alladin, desolelyed as Disneys first attempt to explore a different cultural terrain. Released in 1992, it was later followed by other culture specific films like Mulan and Pocahontas which opened in cinemas in 1998 and 1995 respectively.Although this impudent brand of films hoped to establish a consciousness of cultural inclusivity by venturing beyond the Western World, what became clearly evident in the process, was a heavy dependence onDespite an apparent interest in spreading the knowledge of distant cultures, these films drew excessively on racial stereotypes and produced a largely distorted idea of the cultures they depicted.Elena Di Giovanni, in her essay Disney Films Reflections of the Other and the Self, notes that Disneys weft of certain cultures which it chose to portray, was not a choice that was arbitrary and unplanned.According to Di Giovanni, the reasons for selecting these cultures can be ascribed to precise cultural and ideological strategies. The cultures d epicted in these films are any conventionally considered to be somehow inferior if juxtaposed with modern Western Civilisations and to the narrating American culture in particular, as suggested by the Saudi Arabian-born scholar Ziauddin Sardar. Otherwise,they refer to prior stages of social and cultural development in comparison to the contemporary American standards.These films rely almost exclusively on conventional cultural metonymies to clear the representations of the Other.In historical terms, the tradition of representing otherness through a filteredGaze finds its roots in Western colonialism. With consolidated efforts made by thecolonizers to impose their aver cultural, linguistic parameters on the subjugatedpopulations of the so-called atomic number 99, moulding the image of the Other according to theirown needs was a means to reinforce their own identicalness and supremacy. Thedissemination of biased representations of non-Western cultures flourished evenbeyond the de cades of colonial expansion, manifesting itself in various different forms, ranging from pop culture to international relations.One of the first scholars to give a sharp account of these biased cultural encounters was Edward Said in Orientalisrn(1978). Even though primarily concerned with tracing the history of the Orientalist attitude by the West in literature, Said does not fail to consider the importance of new technologies and the media in the proliferation of this unjust tradition One aspect of the electronic, post-modern world is that there has been a reinforcement of the stereotypes by which the Orient is viewed. Television, films, and all the medias resources have forced information into more and more standardized moulds.More recently, Ziauddin Sardar has echoed similar ideas in his 1999 publication of Orientalism, a book he writes, as assort of tribute to Saids work, therefore titling it the very(prenominal). The main interest of Sardars book, whose approach is even harshe r than Saids, lies in his detailed reflections upon the new, modern ways by which the Orientalist attitude manifests itself and is still spreading nowadays. By way of introduction to his work, Sardar declares that even though the project of Orientalism has way passed its sell by date, it is colonizing new territories, such new territories being related to to the new geographies which are shaped and guardled by contemporary means of mass cornmunication like the cinema. A whole chapter of Sardars work is devoted to Orientalism in films, where the author sets out to explore the treatment and manipulation of other cultures within the discourse of cinema, across different genres, including cartoons, and where he makes ample reference to the American hegemonic control of the cinematic medium. Sardar states that othernessis generally treated as a pattern book from which strands can be interpreted to drawup cultural representations which servicing the purpose of entertaining audiencesw hile reinforcing, by contrast, the superiority of the narrating culture. Thus, the the commodification of culture takes place whereby optic and verbal elements belonging to a distant world are taken and made suitable for smooth reception within more powerful socio-cultural settings.Aladdin, which was based on the ArabfolktaleofAladdin and the magic lampfrom One Thousand and One Nights, became the most successful film of 1992, grossing over $502 million worldwide. However, almost instantly, it was met with criticism from the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. The movie quite literally translated into an Orientalist fantasy. With glaringly derogatory depictions of Arab culture, and a few pointedly nervous remarks, the movie has gone down in history as one of the most controversial films.The film portrays all Arab men as street thugs, pickpockets, slashed palace guards, beggars, sultans, or sorcerers. A male reference book early in the film even declares to his master upo n stealing a jewel,I had to slit a few throats, but I got it.The men are short and stocky with thick lips, missing teeth, heavy, menacing brows, and hooked noses, while the hero Aladdin and heroine Jasmine look like suburban, white, U.S. teenagers.Jasmine, though sporting dark flowing hair and with darker skin than her counterpart princesses in earlier films, still retains blue eyes. Though Jasmine must represent the Arabian heritage, the films producers seem to find it necessary to leave at least a vestige of tangibility that Western audiences can relate to. In the same vein, the character of Alladin, seems to disinherit his Arabian roots, as hes cleverly christened Al, and exhibits distinctly American mannerisms throughout the film.What one is left to ponder is whether these characters would have appealed to western audiences, had they not been endowed with these traits? And if so, wherefore?Arabs are shown as gratuitously cruel, with characters making several references to behea ding. One Arab merchant even tries to cut off Jasmines hand when she doesnt have money to pay for an apple she gave to a hungry boy.Most noteworthy, however is the open sequence of the film, which was later revised due to harsh criticism and protests.Aladdinopens with the expository song Arabian Nights which includes the lyrics falconer Oh I come from a landFrom a faraway placeWhere the caravan camels roamWhere they cut off your earIf they dont like your faceIts barbaric, but hey, its homeThe blatantly offensive final line had to be eliminated from the home video version of the film as a consequence of the numerous protests the Disney ships company received after international release. However, all the other subtle and indirect hints at the American cultures position of supremacy over the narrated Other, which is deliberately kept perplexing and undefined in historical-geographical terms, remain untouched, and continue to carefully shape the viewers perception.One of these subtl e instances in the movie can be seen in the same opening sequence. The first quarrel which are uttered by the peddler contain an unmistakable, conventional reference to the culture portray PEDDLER Ah, Salaam and good evening to you worthy friends.The worldwide-known Arabic greeting is, however, immediately followed bygood evening, as if to compensate even for the faintest sense of estrangementthe viewer might nip upon hearing salaam.Orientalist preconceptions find their way into the Disney adaptation of the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan. Walt Disney Pictures released Mulan in June, 1998 and it was the thirty sixth animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics.Mulan, which was once again infused with orientalist imagining of culture, uses a host of long-established, worldwide-known stereotypes on the visual as well asverbal levels. As Elina Di Giovanni points out, cultural metonymies are very often related to specific domains such as food, which provides universally identi fiable socio-cultural references and ensures easy, if strongly stereotyped identification of different nations and peoples. In the case of verbal stereotypes, references to other cultures clichd words and expressions tend to draw from common categories such as greetings, exclamations and titles. Greetings and exclamations, though not necessarily connected to the stereotyping of cultures, can nonetheless be frequently used to fight down cultural representations as they ensure simple and immediate identification.In the opening sequence of Mulan, the 1998 film which portrays the Chinese culture at the time of the invasions by the Huns, the visual and verbal cultural stereotypes employed do not contain any derogatory reference, but they are equally highly conventional. An instance of this can be seen in the portrayal and dialogue of the emperor of China who, incidentally, is always shown with the image of a golden dragon at his back to address his army generals in a situation of emer gency. He is shown to exhibit a typical trait which is oftenassociated with the Chinese culture, using words of wisdom to describe the fateof his acres EMPEROR single grain of rice can tip the scale Moreover,one can note that the reference to the most popular element of the Chineseculinary tradition does not appear by coincidence in the emperors line. The shotwhich immediately follows features a large bowl of rice in the spotlight with apair of chopsticks lazily picking at the rice. This image is used in the film tointroduce the protagonist herself, who will be very easy revealed to the audiencestarting from her hand holding the chopsticks.But even more noteworthy, is that fact that the bowl of rice which alluded to in the beginning by the Emperor, and used in the introducing of the protagonist, Mulan is then later appropriated to serve American cultural interests by replacing the contents of the bowl(rice), with porridge and rashers of bacon and fried eggs, which make up Mulans breakfast. The bowl which contained rice in the opening scene has been deprived of its typical, if also highly conventional, Chinese content to be replaced by what looks more familiar to the American viewers, although totally remote from the eating habits of Chinese soldiers.Moving from visual to verbal examples, the use of language is an obvious vehicle for further consolidating the presence of American culture. It is worth pointingout that all the main characters in the films, although belonging to distant andexotic worlds, speak with perfect American accents. Moreover, they are veryoften characterized by the use of non-standard, colloquial or regional varieties ofAmerican English.This is the case of the dragon Mushu in Mulan, whose dialogue is generously punctuated with contemporary, informal American expressions. Similarly, in Aladdin, the most striking, informal and modem use of Ameriean English is to be found in the lines uttered by the genie of the lamp, appearing in differen t guises and often mimicking famous American personalities. His lines are filled with colloquial expressions as well as references to the contemporary American world.Pocahontas, which opened in cinemas in the year 1995, presented a thoroughly revised picture of a historical figure, appropriated suitably to appeal to western audiences.Modelled on the historical Native American figure ,Matoaka, who is more popularly known by the nickname Pocahontas, the film revamps and restructures the story of Pocahontas and showcases it as a tale where a culture under siege by British Colonialism, ends up being rescued by the White Messiah. The film clearly distorts historical facts and produces a tale that is made palatable to western audiences, with the White Settler rescuing the native tribe from a terrible fate, which, interestingly enough, would have been executed by his married person men.The movie Pocahontas deviates from the true historical story in many ways. The most significant loss is Pocahontas age and the nature of her relationship with magic trick Smith. In the movie, Pocahontas is portrayed as a twenty year old woman who falls in love with John Smith, and he with her. From what we know of the historical record, she Pocahontas was a child when they met, probably between 12 and 14, and Smith was about 27, states Thomasina Jordan, the head of the Virginia Council on Indians, and herself a Wampanoag Native-American.However, it is not just her age that has been altered in the film version. Even her physical appearance is rendered far from factual. The on-screen Pocahontas is knowing to be a tall, attractive figure, with dark, flowing hair and sharp features.This depiction in the film has been clearly designed to cater to the male fantasy of the young, exotic woman. Moulded from the Orientalist perspective, she is seen as the enigmatic princess, who captivates the young John Smith with her gentle spirit and exotic beauty.Moreover, the relationship between John S mith and Pocahontas, was that of a young girl and an older man. The relationship that the two share in the movie is entirely fictitious and completely inaccurate. Another deviation is John Smiths attitude towards the Native Americans. In the movie, Smith defends the Native-Americans, and dons the mantle of the White Messiah. Abandoning his fellow men, Smith advocates the legitimate right of the natives to possess their own land. He states that the British are the intruders and have no authority to colonise and usurp the land of the natives. This heroism, is however absent in factual accounts of the story.In reality, Smith believed that the English had a right to the land and he was not an advocate for the Native-Americans. Disney also distorts the facts about Governor James Ratcliffe. In the movie they portray him as a wicked character. At the end of the movie he tries to shoot Chief Powatan, but shoots John Smith instead. After he does this, his own men make him a prisoner and sen d him back to England. However, this is not confirmed in the historical account.Thus, it is evident, that even through Disneys attempt to create a more panoramic view of Society and the world, by retelling tales rooted in different socio-cultutal contexts, it is unable to rid itself of omniscient Western ideals which dictate the ways in which Non-western cultures are received. The non-western cultures can barely be understood when either juxtaposed with western traditions or appropriated to appeal to a western audience.The appeal of a non-white prince must be countered with distinctly Americanised mannerisms. Tales from the East seem only to be tangible if they propagate long standing stereotypes and reinforce Orientalist preconceptions.While Disney paints portraits of cultural landscapes and attempts to traverse into the world of The Other, the question remains as to whether it is possible for the West to tell tales of a Non-White civilisation, without all the trappings of stereot ypes and exoticism. Can a Media Giant like Disney truly showcase different cultures, without insinuating Western success over them all?Can they truly paint with all the colours of The Wind?Zoya ParvinRoll No. 19III A

Perceptions of Reading for Pleasure in Boys Methodology

Perceptions of Reading for Pleasure in Boys MethodologyMethodology.Design approach shotTo address the challenge of boys perceptions of reading material for recreation and referring to relevant literature, I decided to approach the search using triangulation so that cross examination of findings could be achieved within a relatively short space of duration. A heterogeneous method research approach was utilize to answer my research question so that in carrying out(p) a questionnaire, follow up interviews and observations could take indue to answer only underlying causes and questions. Cresswell at al. (1993) describes the miscellaneous method approach as collecting, analysing and integrating some(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative entropy through a single or multiple studies. In doing this Kettley (2012) writes that it allows for the analysis of both patterns and causes of behaviour which kindle heighten the reliability of results. However, Laws (2003) challenges this view, stating that a variety different research perspectives whitethorn not match tidily as there could be contrast and conflict between findings. Laws (2003) recommends that a researcher should critically analyse any contrasts in findings so to make meaning from them.What researchers endure apply it- why is it goodTriangulation- what is it (ive used this method but show some insight)Sampling-300 wordsMorse and Niehaus (2009) find matchlessself that sampling methods ar intended to maximise the efficiency and validity of research results. This research involved using a purposeful sample, a technique which is widely used so that individuals or groups of participants are especially knowledge fit or experienced in bingles line of inquiry (Palinkas et al., 2013). For this research, two year three classes both from independent schools were chosen to explore the challenge of boys reading for pleasure. My main interest for this research was to see how perceptions of reading diff ered between classes which had members that were thought to read more for pleasure (such as in a mixed backdrop) in comparison to a class where the class was all boys and were stereotyped to be disinterested to read in their free time. These schools were chosen as the number of boys in severally year group were similar and were of contrast in terms of single sex or mixed. Both schools were from the same county of Oxfordshire, and all members of staff in each year group were female.The two groups of pupils were, although determined on school establishment type, not establish on predetermined viewpoints on reading for pleasure. Patton (2002) highlights that the use of a purposeful sample is to capture major variations through the analysis of results rather than to identify a common core.Due to the lack of single sex primary schools, a private mixed school was chosen as the contrast so that in terms of types of schools these were the same.If I were to carry out this research again, I would involve more single sex and mixed schools in my research so that my results were not generalisedObservationObservational data is an attractive form of data collection as it allows the researcher to gather evidence from real-life flecks (Cohen et al., 2000). At the beginning of each week in the schools, I observed the children in their learning environment, concentrating especially on the daily routine and how English was taught. I chose to use observations as one of my research methods as it allows you direct access to social interactions which can be of focus to the research interest (Simpson and Tuson, 1995) whilst also viewing and analysing the physical, human, interactional and programme setting (Cohen at al., 2000). Using a semi-structured observation approach allowed me to immerse myself in the situation so that I could understand how reading for pleasure was promoted within the classroom and how children reacted to reading in the classroom environment. As I was compar ing two different year groups from different schools, using the unstructured approach allowed for elements of the observational situation speak for themselves, rather than preparing an observation schedule (Cohen et al., 2000). Thomas (2009) states that although an unstructured observation may be easier in comparison to structured, it involves a great deal of propaedeutic work so that one is able to become part of the situation and requires sensitivity, thought and commitment to analyse the findings meaning luxurianty. Punch (1998) highlights other difficulties stating that in terms of recording data, the flexible nature of observational methods, the recording of data can potentially become flexible also. To overcome this potential barrier, simply noted characteristics from each category in terms of the physical environment, the links to literacy in lessons, childrens behaviour and finally teachers strategies. All observational methods have advantages and disadvantages, however w ith careful preparation, they can be brawny tools in gaining valuable research evidence.QuestionnaireA questionnaire was decided to be used to find out the childrens viewpoints on reading for pleasure, as well finding out what other hobbies they like to do in their free time and how often they engaged in reading for pleasure in their free time. Gray (2004) recommends that questionnaires are used when working with a large audience where standardised questions are required. Using questionnaires as a research method allows an analytical approach which can be used to explore relationships between variables. Gillham (2000) highlights that there are a few advantageous aspects of a questionnaires which has led to it being a popular plectron of research method. Some of these factors include low cost, quick data retrieval and the fact that questionnaires can be sent to a large scale of good deal in little time. Gillham (2000) also highlights that anonymity can be assured whilst using a qu estionnaire however he also points out that on a small scale, researchers may be aware of characteristics of respondents and therefore able to identify answers based on a character profile.Like many research methods, questionnaires have their drawbacks. Gillham (2000) advises that if a questionnaire is to be intrinsically motivating for participants, the length should range between four and six pages. Robson (2011) tho highlights that the motivation of a participant could affect the data leading to a less valid result. To overcome these barriers, I chose 12 questions, many of which were closed questions which required little thinking time. Two open questions were used to find out their view point on why they enjoyed or disliked reading, and what would motivate them to read more for pleasure. Due to the anonymity of questionnaires, researchers are inefficient to identify misleading or flippant answers, and if no further follow-up observations or interviews are involved, researchers may not be able to detect sure representations. As I used two other research methods alongside questionnaires, I was able to identify a more valid representation of children and teachers viewpoints in comparison to just using one method alone.Using the same standardised questions which have been piloted and altered if necessary, it is possible to gain a high reliability of response (Robson, 2011). Prior to the research winning place, I emailed the questionnaires to both schools and tested the questions for clarity with an external 8-year-old boy so that the questions were clear and the vocabulary was age appropriate. call into questionI decided to use semi structured interviews with both the teachers of year three from both schools and a selection of 4 boys who were deemed reluctant readers by their teachers. This was so that my research could be further supported and a deeper understanding of both teachers and boys could be achieved. Arksey and Knight (1999) comment that the met hod of interviewing allows participants to express their feelings and perceptions of the world around them. This further agreed by Cohen and Marion (1997) highlighting that one of the fundamental reasons for using interviews as part of a research approach is to gather information on an individuals knowledge, shelter and attitude which can be used in conjunction with other methods such as a survey. These interviews were undertaken after they had completed the questionnaire, so that I was able to gain more insight into what motivated boys to read in the classroom and at home, and what would motivate them further to read for pleasure. Although the questions for each student was the same, a semi-structured approach was used so that answers could be clarified further and I could gain a more transparent understanding. Using semi structured interviews when researching childrens viewpoints is elevated, especially when used alongside child-friendly language and meeting in places in which t he child is familiar with (Graham et al., 2012). Each class teacher was also questioned on which strategies they used to promote reading for pleasure. As half of the teachers were from the mixed school, the questions were worded slightly differently as I wanted to find out how they motivated the boys.All of the interviews with each student was enter rather than making notes on what was being said. This was so that I could concentrate on their body language and verbal response at the same time rather than concentrating primarily on just verbal feedback. It has been reported that taking notes during an interview can distract the interviewer from the focus of the conversation which can result in a loss of critical information (Britten, 1995) therefore using a high quality recorder alongside note taking on the participants body language and emotions can significantly decrease the likelihood of error or misconceptions during data analysis (Fernandez and Griffiths, 2007). As the majorit y of the interviews were with the children, it was important that the children could see that I had their full attention, and that by listening to what they had to say we were showing respect (McCrum and Hughes, 1998). A researcher needs to be aware that not all respondents may be unbidden to participate in an interview, and if uncomfortable about the interview being recorded may inhibit honest responses (Bell, 2010). Prior to each interview, the children were asked about whether they would be unbidden to take part, and were assured that all information would be purely for research purposes and kept anonymous.Speer and Hutchby (2003) see this as an essential part of social sciences, so that a researcher can investigate impeccably what a participant is doing whilst they are being recorded.Using semi structured interviews allows for further probing of opinions and view when it is ideal that individuals answers are expanded upon (Gray, 2004).EthicsDue to the nature of this research b eing held in two schools involving students, ethics was taken into consideration prior to any research taking place. It has been highlighted that children from an early age are able to speak for themselves on a range of experiences, their views and their surrounding environment (James, Jenks and Prout, 1998) therefore if they are to be now involved in research, they should be made aware of what is to be expected and the option whether participate or not (Cohen and Emmanuel, 1998). Prior to any research taking place, I emailed both schools stating the aims of the research and what information I was wanting from each child. Once in the school, informal meeting were arranged with the Heads of school, so that no further consent from the childrens parents was needed.UK Data Protection Act ? (1988)?How could my sample have been better?Bigger sample size in terms of using more than one single sex school and one mixed schoolUsing state schools as well as private schoolsHow was the quality of data?ReferencesArksey, H. and Knight, P. (1999) Interviewing for mixer Scientists. capital of the United Kingdom SAGEBell, J. (2010) Doing your research project A guide for first-time researchers in education, health and social science. 5th edn. Maidenhead McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.Britten, N. (1995) soft research Qualitative interviews in medical research. British Medical Journal, 311(6999), pp. 251-253Cohen, J. and Emmanuel, J. (1998) Positive Participation Consulting and Involving Young People in Health Related Work. London Health Education Authority.Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. and Cohen, P.L. (2000) seek methods in education. 5th edn. London Taylor Francis.Fernandez, R.S. and Griffiths, R. (2007) Portable MP3 players Innovative devices for recording qualitative interviews. Nurse look forer. 15(1), pp.7-15Gillham, B (2000) Developing a Questionnaire. London Continuum.Graham, A., Powell, M.A., Fitzgerald, R., Taylor, N.J and Moulat, B. (2012) Draft Ethica l Research Involving Children. International Charter and Guidelines. Florence UNICEF, Office for Research. InnocentiKettley, N.C. (2012) Theory building in educational research. London Continuum International Pub. Group.Laws,S.D., Harper, C. and Marcus, R. (2003) Research for development A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA SAGE Publications.Morse, J.M. and Niehaus, L. (2009) in Kettley, N.C. (2012) Theory building in educational research. London. Continuum International Pub.Group.Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, K. (2013) Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Adminstration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), pp.533-544Punch, K.F. (1998) Introduction to Social Research Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London Sage Publishing. Pages 184-90Simpson, M. and Tuscan, J. (1995) Using observations in small-scale research A beginners guide. Edingburgh SCRE, The Sc ottish Council for Research in Education.Thomas, G. (2013) How to do your research project A guide for students in education and applied social sciences. Los Angeles SAGE Publications

A Healty Issue :: essays research papers

A Healthy IssueIt has been long debated as to what method is the best way to recur weight. Every day it seems there is a freshly diet craze sweeping across America. The birth of fad diets has brought hope to those wanting to lose weight fast. Which is the best diet plan? There ar so many to choose from now, and there are not only diet plans. There are hundreds of dietary supplements now available as salubrious as new-age surgeries to help us battle the bulge. Each method has its own positives and negatives. Some have three to amazing weight loss, while others have lead to sickness and even death. With all of the different ways available to lose weight, is there a better solution than to simply follow a fit diet combined with regular exercise?Fad diets are the newest thing to hit our waistlines. They are notorious for being a fast way to lose weight. Some of these diets, just to name a few examples include Atkins Diet, Weight Watchers, Slim Fast, South Beach Diet, The Zone, Sub way Diet, eDiets, The Beverly Hills Diet, and the list goes on and on. All counter dramatic weight loss that is easy to keep off as long as you follow their regimen. Are they safe? Which one is right for you? To squeeze a better understanding about what they entail, lets take a look at a few of them.The Atkins diet is probably the nearly popular in todays society. Dr. Robert Atkins, a cardiologist, actually came up with his plan back in 1972. Unlike the many fad diets that followed, the Atkins diet survived the terminal fad, and has actually become more popular as the years have passed. In the Atkins diet, the formula is allowing foods that are high in protein and that are low in carbohydrates. To start, the plan requires you to go through an induction period for two weeks that will balance your metabolism. An individual is allowed to have as much fat and protein as desired, just now the foods must contain less than 20 grams of carbohydrates per day. Some of the foods allowed i nclude meat, poultry, fish, eggs, oil, butter and cheese. After completing the two-week induction period, the amount of carbohydrates allowed is doubled to 35-40 grams per day. When the individual reaches his or her coating weight, the amount is increased again, up to 60 grams of carbohydrates per day.

Music, Radio and Teens Essay -- Hip Hop Rap Essays Music Musical Essay

Music, Radio and TeensThe first thing that teenagers will do when they get into their car is to charm on the radio. They flip through the channels hoping to find that latest hit that all the stations atomic number 18 playing. Whether its the newest pop rock song, or that catchy state of matter tune, everyone wants to hear it. This is an example of how powerful the radio can be in influencing what teens listen to. Here is a closer look at the specific genres and how these styles are affecting todays teens through the radio. Hip Hop Hip-Hop is one of fastest growing harmony genres in the United States as its trend has made blame explode everywhere. Hip-Hop comes from the streets using street slang incorporated in the music. Hip-Hop music is rebellious and frightens parents due to the explicit lyrics that it uses. As any emblem of new generation beat that is rebellious is going to scare a parent. Parents are frightened that if their kids listen to this music it will promote violence, sex, and drugs. Parents need to make out that the vibe that teens get from Hip-Hop is just like the vibe our parents got from rock and roll. As teens are influenced by the Hip-Hop culture by the way teens clothing themselves wearing brand names like Tommy Hilfiger, Nautica, or Polo to represent the hip-hop culture getting away from the preppy clothes like for example Abercrombie and Fitch. Hip-Hop music has no color barrier so anybody can listen to the music. Hip-Hop has even reached magazine shelves attracting more teens to read about hip-hop magazines like The Source, Jive, and XXL are devoted to just Hip-Hop music. Hip-Hop has influenced a lot of teens and will continue to grow as the new generation of music the so-called ?feels advantageously music? that teens lo... ...the car. HIP-HOP. Retrieved from the World Wide blade http//www.csupomona.edu/rrreese/HIPHOP.HTML Taylor, Chuck, Stark, Phyllis, Hay, Carla. Country Teens go Multimedia.Billboard Vol. 113, Issu e 9. Retrieved from Academic Search PremierOn the World Wide Web http//web6.epnet.com/ chase Signs of New Life for Country Format, Recent Sales Successes. BillboardRetrieved from Academic Search Premier on the World WideWeb http//web6.epnet.com/search SoulMusic (2002). Retrieved from the World Wide Webwww.davidnathan.com. All Music Guide (1992). Retrieved from the World Wide Webwww.allmusic.com. Samuels, Allison (2002). Newsweek. Retrieved from the World Wide Web http//www.msnbc.com/newsStrauss, Neil (2001, December 26). A New Look at Eminem. New York Times Newspaper. Retrieved from the World Wide Webwww.nytimes.com/